Knowledge Base
Conoscenze di riferimento per amministratori, pagina per pagina: che cos’è un protocollo o un prodotto, come funziona e dove compare nell’esercizio quotidiano, con dati essenziali, tutti gli articoli sul tema e la sua collocazione nello stack dei protocolli. La raccolta cresce; sono previsti 55 temi.
Le pagine contrassegnate con EN o DE sono in fase di traduzione e per ora si aprono in inglese o in tedesco.
Microsoft
Microsoft Exchange Microsoft Exchange: famiglia di prodotti e modelli operativi Microsoft Exchange come famiglia di prodotti: termini e protocolli comuni, differenze tra Exchange Online e Exchange Server, nonché i compiti della modalità ibrida e del flusso di posta ibrido. Exchange Online Exchange Online: architettura, flusso di posta e gestione Exchange Online per amministratori della messaggistica: modello di tenant e destinatari, trasporto EOP, connettori, accesso client, PowerShell e Graph, Message Trace, conservazione, sicurezza e ripristino. Exchange On-Premises Exchange On-Premises: architettura e gestione del server Exchange Server nel proprio data center: ruoli Mailbox ed Edge, pipeline di trasporto, Active Directory, database ESE, DAG, accesso client, sicurezza, monitoraggio, backup e ripristino. Exchange Hybrid Exchange Hybrid: identità, coesistenza e gestione Exchange Hybrid spiegato in modo chiaro: prerequisiti, sincronizzazione delle directory, autorità sui destinatari, Hybrid Configuration Wizard, OAuth, relazioni tra organizzazioni, Autodiscover, spostamenti delle cassette postali e gestione. Hybrid mail flowDE Hybrid-Mailfluss: Routing zwischen Exchange Online und On-Premises Hybrid-Mailfluss Schritt für Schritt: direkte und zentrale Zustellung, Connectoren, TLS-Zertifikate, Remote-Domains, gemeinsame SMTP-Domains, Mail-Gateways, Message Trace und Message Tracking. Active Directory / EntraEN Active Directory and Microsoft Entra: the identity foundation Why running mail means running a directory: Active Directory and Entra ID in combination, synchronization with Entra Connect, Kerberos and LDAP on the local network, Entra Domain Services for cloud-only environments, and app registrations for system access.
Gateway di posta elettronica
SEPPmailEN SEPPmail: The Secure Mail Gateway with GINA Delivery How the SEPPmail Secure E-Mail Gateway works: S/MIME and domain encryption at the gateway, GINA for recipients without keys, its position in the mail flow, LDAP integration and the operational topics from firmware to cluster. Kiteworks / TotemomailEN Totemomail: Email Encryption on the Kiteworks Platform The Totemomail encryption gateway in operation: origins and the takeover by Kiteworks, gateway encryption with S/MIME and PGP, WebMail delivery, LDAP integration, the licensing model based on licensed users, and the M365 integration. Apache James Apache James: server di posta modulare e piattaforma Mailet Apache James inquadrato dal punto di vista tecnico: protocolli e ruoli della posta, architettura basata su componenti, coda e pipeline Mailet, modello di mailbox e storage, varianti operative da PostgreSQL a Cassandra e sviluppo dal progetto Java Apache alla piattaforma di posta JVM. Gateway HINEN HIN: secure email in the Swiss healthcare sector The HIN platform from an operator's perspective: HIN identities and protected mail between healthcare professionals, the HIN Mail Gateway inside an organization's own infrastructure, Access Gateway and client, platform upgrades and their deadlines. Cisco ESA / SMA Cisco Secure Email: Gateway, AsyncOS e SMA Cisco Secure Email per amministratori di messaggistica: pipeline di posta SEG/ESA, listener, HAT e RAT, Work Queue e Delivery, Mail Policies, AsyncOS, servizi SMA, limiti del cluster, stack tecnologico, monitoraggio, ripristino e diagnostica.
IA e automazione
Claude Claude e Claude Code: architettura, API e gestione sicura degli agenti Claude e Claude Code per amministratori di piattaforme, sicurezza e automazione: limiti di modelli e API, messaggi stateless, Content Blocks, streaming, Tool Use e MCP, runtime locale degli agenti, workspace e chiavi, rate limit, caching, batch, osservabilità, protezione dei dati, prompt injection e recovery. CloudflareEN Cloudflare Workers: serverless at the network edge An overview of Cloudflare's serverless platform: code at the edge instead of on servers, the V8 isolate model, storage services from KV to D1 and R2, bindings and Wrangler, and the limits of the model.
Open source e self-hosting
Home AssistantEN Home Assistant: smart home hub with a local focus An overview of the open source smart home platform: local control instead of mandatory cloud, integrations and device connectivity, automations, installation variants, and the role of APIs, tokens, and MQTT. RcloneEN Rclone: The Universal Tool for Cloud Storage An overview of the command-line tool for cloud storage: remotes and backends, the core commands sync, copy and mount, client-side encryption with crypt, and integrity checking by checksum. Proton DriveEN Proton Drive: End-to-End Encrypted Cloud Storage An overview of Proton's cloud storage: end-to-end encryption as its basic principle, origin and ecosystem, clients and platforms, and what a zero-knowledge architecture means for third-party tools and automation. Paperless-ngxEN Paperless-ngx: self-hosted document management An overview of the open source DMS: the consume pipeline from scan to archive, OCR and full-text search, organization through tags, correspondents, and document types, storage architecture, and operation in containers.
Protocolli e standard
SMTPEN Understanding SMTP: How Email Is Actually Delivered What SMTP is and how mail flow works: envelope and headers, MX delivery, relays and smarthosts, the ports 25, 465 and 587, StartTLS, and the reply codes with which servers justify acceptance and rejection. LDAPEN Understanding LDAP: the directory protocol behind AD, Entra, and mail gateways What LDAP is and how it works: a directory rather than a database, DIT and distinguished names, bind and search, LDAPS vs. StartTLS, and what of that really counts in Active Directory, Entra, and secure mail gateways. DNS DNS: risoluzione, delega e gestione Il Domain Name System dal punto di vista dell’amministratore: spazio dei nomi, zone e delega, risoluzione ricorsiva, RRset, cache e TTL, risposte negative, UDP e TCP, EDNS, DNSSEC, replica delle zone e diagnostica per infrastrutture di messaggistica. TCP / reteEN TCP and Networking Basics: What Mail Admins Really Need TCP as the foundation of SMTP, LDAP, and HTTPS: connection setup with the three-way handshake, ports and firewalls, typical failure patterns from timeout to connection refused, and the steps for a quick diagnosis. TLS / certificatiEN TLS and Certificates: Trust in Mail and Directory Operations How TLS secures connections and why certificates are the most common cause of outages: handshake, certificate chains and truststores, SAN instead of CN, LDAPS and StartTLS, renewal without downtime. SSHEN SSH: Remote Access, Keys, and Hardening Secure Shell in day-to-day administration: keys instead of passwords, agent and known_hosts, the essential hardening steps for exposed servers, and SFTP as a file transport. KerberosEN Kerberos: tickets, KDC, and authentication in Active Directory How Kerberos works and why Active Directory is built on it: tickets instead of passwords, KDC and TGT, service principal names and keytabs, the time synchronization requirement, and the typical failure patterns.
Sicurezza e-mail
Crittografia e-mailEN Email Encryption: Transport Protection, S/MIME, PGP, and the Gateway Model The layers of email encryption cleanly separated: opportunistic and enforced TLS on the transport, S/MIME and PGP for content, central gateways instead of client-side chaos, and when each level is sufficient. SPF · DKIM · DMARCEN SPF, DKIM, and DMARC: sender authentication in combination The three sender authentication mechanisms and how they work together: what SPF checks, what DKIM signs, how DMARC ties both to the visible sender, and the rollout path from reports to p=reject. Hardening e accessiEN Hardening and access protection: reducing attack surface in operations The principles behind every hardening checklist: minimize the attack surface, use central instead of local accounts, grant minimal privileges, apply updates consistently, and keep access traceable, from the appliance GUI to the VPS.
Automazione e APIs
PowerShell / GraphEN PowerShell and Microsoft Graph: Automation for Mail Admins The automation layer above Exchange, Entra and Microsoft 365: Exchange Online PowerShell, Microsoft Graph as an API, app registrations with certificate authentication, and where the classic modules are being retired. APIs e integrazioni API: contratti, identità e confini di errore distribuiti API per amministratori di infrastrutture e messaggistica: REST, HTTP e JSON, RPC, GraphQL, gRPC e API evento, OpenAPI e schemi, OAuth e identità di workload, gateway, timeout, retry, idempotenza, paginazione, limiti di velocità, webhook, osservabilità, versionamento e storia tecnica.
Esercizio
Release e aggiornamentiEN Releases and Updates: Patch Operations for Mail Infrastructure How update operations for Exchange, appliances and gateways become plannable: release types from security update to firmware, maintenance windows and rollback paths, reading release notes, and the question of how quickly patching has to happen. Backup e ripristino Backup e disaster recovery: stati, obiettivi e ripristino operativo Backup e disaster recovery per amministratori di messaggistica: distinzione da snapshot, replica e alta disponibilità, RPO, RTO e MTD, backup coerente di caselle di posta, code, configurazione, chiavi e indici, recovery isolato, ordine di ripristino, test di restore e diagnostica. Migrazione e scadenzeEN Migration and deadlines: keeping mail infrastructure life cycles under control Why migrations in the mail environment are almost always driven by deadlines: end-of-support dates, vendor platform renewals, migration patterns from big bang to coexistence, and the checklist for cutover day. Container e Docker Container: immagini, runtime e funzionamento affidabile Container per amministratori di infrastruttura e messaggistica: artefatti OCI, isolamento di runtime e kernel, namespace e cgroup, rete e storage, orchestrazione, identità e supply chain, risorse, health, logging, recovery, container Windows e storia tecnica. Storage e sincronizzazioneEN Storage and Sync: Cloud Storage in Technical Terms How cloud storage works technically: object storage versus file system, access through sync, copy, and mount, client-side encryption, storage classes from hot to cold, and integrity checking of transferred data. Licenze e limitiEN Licenses and limits: licensing models for infrastructure software How infrastructure software is licensed: named users, devices, and capacity limits, how license counters are fed technically, what happens when a limit is reached, and the role the directory plays in it. Troubleshooting e diagnosticaEN Troubleshooting and Diagnosis: Systematic Fault Finding in Infrastructure The methodology behind successful fault finding: a layered model from the connection to the application, taking error messages literally, reproducing minimally, correlating changes, and documenting findings. Testing e test di caricoEN Testing and Load Tests: Probing Infrastructure Under Controlled Conditions Methodology for functional and load testing in messaging and infrastructure environments: what to measure, the baseline-burst-soak sequence, load generators and sinks, marking test runs, and evaluating results with percentiles instead of averages.
